{"data":[{"id":"808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a","type":"law_reviews","attributes":{"title":"The Prevention and Suppression of Human Trafficking Act, 2012: An Overview","slug":"the-prevention-and-suppression-of-human-trafficking-act-2012-an-overview","body":"

Abstract

The government enacted ‘The Prevention and Suppression of Human Trafficking Act, 2012’ in order to prevent human trafficking, ensure the protection of victims of the offence of human trafficking and their rights, and ensure safe migration. One of the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 32 of our constitution is the protection of right to life and personal liberty. Notably even a non-citizen of Bangladesh can avail this right. But the offence of human trafficking badly violates a person’s right to liberty causing severe sufferings. Moreover, Article 34 of the constitution prohibits all forms of forced labour which in most of the time is the inevitable consequence of the human trafficking. Seven Anti-Human Trafficking Tribunals has been established recently but it did not start trying cases yet. No such Tribunal has been established in the border districts. Hence, for the purpose of controlling human trafficking, the government should best use the provisions of this Act and without any delay eradicate all the legal hurdles.

","excerpt":"The Prevention and Suppression of Human Trafficking Act, 2012, মানব পাচার প্রতিরোধ ও দমন আইন","created-at":"2020-09-20T12:34:46Z","updated-at":"2020-09-20T12:35:00Z","image":{"50":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/50-8327084183f6ae3984db8b09bff91add.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-c2x712.jpg","size":1047,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":50,"height":28}},"100":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/100-8b0dbc7e9ead7d00b4411e9f3bad375d.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-yb6ttg.jpg","size":2106,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":100,"height":55}},"150":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/150-e24c43cd6b1150a469703eff9cf185b4.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-szcu4f.jpg","size":4223,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":150,"height":83}},"200":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/200-9becdfa29eee189e0a9ad0bc6d23130c.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-1bbkecn.jpg","size":7056,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":200,"height":110}},"300":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/300-04c14bebe1e480859e92d5efcba95621.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-abnnbp.jpg","size":15644,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":300,"height":165}},"400":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/400-61eff78d211a01c1833011da71c74ba9.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-166be4g.jpg","size":26901,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":400,"height":220}},"500":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/500-b9d78d32f3ff7cec862f61fa894b0b5b.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-15m9jos.jpg","size":42162,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":500,"height":275}},"600":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/600-b057e38624b6873eb45cc502f08b7205.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-15mqbyr.jpg","size":58901,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":600,"height":330}},"800":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/800-1f3ca98e1f0959c88a1715a4d018ffbf.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-1btwgz6.jpg","size":98794,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":800,"height":440}},"1000":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/1000-c3f6028f1703442452dc519c1b88a6d0.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-47vzxg.jpg","size":147700,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":1000,"height":550}},"1200":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/1200-d19be878786a94783557670dcd3f400d.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-1a2t99t.jpg","size":204030,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":1200,"height":660}},"1500":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/1500-6605e6620ae6555ba4705d87a1bb04a8.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-jlyadr.jpg","size":299360,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":1500,"height":825}},"2000":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/2000-e70aa00c8d6e08733e478d93fcfc5e27.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-1ycguh4.jpg","size":482990,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":2000,"height":1100}},"2400":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/2400-c337bf8b17307b0e069e153c96c23db9.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-7jcu6q.jpg","size":654432,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":2400,"height":1320}},"3000":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/3000-92f7a40557945d23e6af1ec9afa86177.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-uus5xl.jpg","size":938519,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":3000,"height":1650}},"4000":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/4000-5349a988a57cb6ff48ac4dad28e33c4e.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200920-4-18xncax.jpg","size":1533165,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":4000,"height":2200}},"original":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/image/original-5954166dbe18bbf2db7b009c642c3ad0.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"conceptual graphics for wwriteups-07.jpg","mime_type":"image/jpeg","size":8017581,"keep_transparency":false,"height":2200,"width":4000,"top":24,"left":0}}},"document":{"id":"lawreview/808de910-aca5-45fc-8ae8-243e5178006a/document/d1f5e5fb613c1a9ed95916ff363a8378.pdf","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"The Prevention and Suppression of Human Trafficking Act, 2012 An Overview.pdf","size":504153,"mime_type":"application/pdf"}}}},{"id":"9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519","type":"law_reviews","attributes":{"title":"The Dowry Prohibition Act, 2018","slug":"the-dowry-prohibition-act-2018","body":"

Abstract

The Dowry Prohibition Act, 2018 (Act No. 39 of 2018) was enacted for the purpose of meeting up the demand of changing circumstances considering the provisions of the previous law. This Act prohibited giving or taking dowry in marriage or before solemnization or during continuance of marital relationship. The Act has brought changes in the definition clause and introduced seven salient features such as (i) making agreement for dowry is also a crime, (ii) filing false cases is an offence, (iii) applicability of CrPC during trial, (iv) the period of limitation has been lifted, (v) making the offence cognizable keeping options for compounding. The Act is designed to implement harsher punishment upon the perpetrators. Despite having provision for formulation of Rules under section 9 of the Act, till date, no such rule has been formulated.

","excerpt":"The Dowry Prohibition Act was enacted to meet up the demand of changing circumstances of the society.","created-at":"2020-09-20T06:00:55Z","updated-at":"2020-09-28T12:24:27Z","image":{"50":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/50-f0e421325ab157d6a918ba56eed8e5ac.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-kd4kju.jpg","size":1082,"width":50,"height":28,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"100":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/100-971530965614782e76f31c8bb2959447.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-1xebfdl.jpg","size":2393,"width":100,"height":55,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"150":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/150-81ab9092bb716073088ba73426774b67.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-bnqtfs.jpg","size":4536,"width":150,"height":83,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"200":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/200-954e5df7df4be0effb3fecc3715850eb.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-19nsw9b.jpg","size":6950,"width":200,"height":110,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"300":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/300-ba0e01f7ee47b750a83c39cc61c34f6b.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-x9pi7z.jpg","size":13649,"width":300,"height":165,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"400":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/400-636177d780a0f9c88842ecc8f6b5f55e.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-1hlsbv9.jpg","size":21890,"width":400,"height":220,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"500":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/500-0a277e07435ec8bcb9ae3ee649283603.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-xsglvw.jpg","size":31639,"width":500,"height":275,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"600":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/600-1ec143f2b74a1c12a676ea23825da1fc.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-jnm2vq.jpg","size":43444,"width":600,"height":330,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"800":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/800-da5b60c24627fbabd5e42f90e2d09854.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-11dagi1.jpg","size":69476,"width":800,"height":440,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"1000":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/1000-c8ee2b96d978d8974ac1cf46bbda838d.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-meoksq.jpg","size":96342,"width":1000,"height":550,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"1200":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/1200-d85bdc37c063cf5a913d4bc73213eac7.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-1vuka3j.jpg","size":129945,"width":1200,"height":660,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"1500":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/1500-c9711c91a0bca2e6abfaa2df75753024.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-b3u7e7.jpg","size":181732,"width":1500,"height":825,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"2000":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/2000-64ac4552de8e975409078a9f1121d145.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-1jwvwi3.jpg","size":285359,"width":2000,"height":1100,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"2400":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/2400-7ef813a3debc13f222e94e7fa508b41e.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-jxx8c6.jpg","size":373743,"width":2400,"height":1320,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"3000":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/3000-e7df532f4dbb4db6fe2aa62e3eb62ae1.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-11zfhby.jpg","size":524838,"width":2999,"height":1650,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"4000":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/4000-f38562282c3fef8a95f8f77e39c3688a.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-go4ui.jpg","size":817760,"width":3999,"height":2200,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"original":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/image/original-8fa818fade4134df1f94efdcb4127d29.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"conceptual graphics for wwriteups-16.jpg","size":4060937,"height":2201,"width":4001,"top":25,"left":0,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","keep_transparency":false}}},"document":{"id":"lawreview/9f60acd1-6fdb-486f-95a7-02eb33e2f519/document/0fea58bb850e981ffcdd4e69c7f190ca.pdf","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"The Dowry Prohibition Act, 2018.pdf","size":275365,"mime_type":"application/pdf"}}}},{"id":"bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42","type":"law_reviews","attributes":{"title":"Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention) Act, 2013","slug":"torture-and-custodial-death-prevention-act-2013","body":"

Abstract

The Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention) Act, 2013 [হেফাজতে মৃত্যু নিবারণ আইন, ২০১৩] was enacted in the midst of protest by the law enforcement agencies. This law safeguarded the fundamental right guaranteed under Article 35(5) of the Constitution. This Act is a protection as against inhuman, cruel and degrading treatment in custody. There is track record of custodial torture, abuse and death by the law enforcement agencies in our jurisdiction. In the landmark judgment of BLAST vs. Bangladesh, reported in 69 DLR (AD) 63, the Apex Court praised the enactment and the provisions of this law. This law specifically provided the definition of mental torture, lodging complaint by the victim, judicial inquiry and safeguard to the complainant and punishment for the perpetrators. This law is the first of its kind in this sub-continent. The due observance of the provisions of this law would certainly ensure the fundamental rights guaranteed under the Constitution.

","excerpt":"The Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention) Act, 2013 is a protection as against inhuman, cruel and degrading treatment in custody.","created-at":"2020-09-16T03:51:38Z","updated-at":"2020-09-28T12:26:13Z","image":{"50":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/50-e28a097243172bbae630419c35a04b88.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-17lpaux.jpg","size":1084,"width":50,"height":28,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"100":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/100-39929646a88bf90ef8dff6fbd1f050c1.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-1aiqj87.jpg","size":2145,"width":100,"height":55,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"150":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/150-5cb90c5bae0d43ef71f2c09de3615c85.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-98m3v9.jpg","size":3547,"width":150,"height":83,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"200":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/200-63edd93a9365adc8a14f61396972cae5.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-6m11ca.jpg","size":5321,"width":200,"height":110,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"300":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/300-71ac21ea538660e6241f2a498f63ed6f.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-x7mufo.jpg","size":10382,"width":300,"height":165,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"400":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/400-dd841264da56043cd7b00f31a93da98a.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-wwn002.jpg","size":17630,"width":400,"height":220,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"500":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/500-76e8e3ce6ddf409801d43b8be47dc1eb.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-9sp3mi.jpg","size":27035,"width":500,"height":275,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"600":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/600-8c93770d562bffc4367a893f34201628.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-1up6y8l.jpg","size":38162,"width":600,"height":330,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"800":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/800-9deccd469decba9ce5f76ed27355d29f.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-2zbrsl.jpg","size":64902,"width":800,"height":440,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"1000":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/1000-e99a2ae079a235a4e16e167e3a9fc0b1.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-4poops.jpg","size":97151,"width":1000,"height":550,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"1200":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/1200-580b3509a937689af1a146369daa34a8.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-6eh93s.jpg","size":133194,"width":1200,"height":660,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"1500":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/1500-647dd45e9cfc49506caf37b3272186b1.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-lswx1p.jpg","size":192195,"width":1500,"height":825,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"2000":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/2000-37d5dc0fff4a17ca73fd28ace3ef7241.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-1j108vb.jpg","size":303288,"width":2000,"height":1100,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"2400":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/2400-b2a332241868afd347e18361457e63f5.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-1nb8zbu.jpg","size":404173,"width":2400,"height":1320,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"3000":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/3000-cfb6c9d8fd2b60e682d3d37b6cab8357.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-1sv9bd5.jpg","size":570758,"width":3000,"height":1650,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"4000":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/4000-951d707ed8a8472e8307d30516bc0b6e.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200916-4-apquco.jpg","size":911933,"width":4000,"height":2200,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"original":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/image/original-5860ebcf6ce3d9019755d936da98bd00.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"conceptual graphics for wwriteups-03.jpg","size":4377735,"height":2200,"width":4000,"top":25,"left":0,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","keep_transparency":false}}},"document":{"id":"lawreview/bc6839ee-8d05-4916-9d32-076e38887e42/document/041f324f4164e1530fe82682df18d35b.pdf","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"Torture and Custodial Torture (Prevention) Act, 2013.pdf","size":309084,"mime_type":"application/pdf"}}}},{"id":"69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6","type":"law_reviews","attributes":{"title":"Computation of Period of Limitation under Special Laws During Covid-19 Outbreak","slug":"computation-of-period-of-limitation-under-special-laws-during-covid-19-outbreak","body":"

Abstract

Computation of the period of limitation is a pre-condition for conducting a litigation. In our legal parlance, the period of limitation provided by the special law, cannot be condoned. It can only be done by way of amendment of law.

","excerpt":"Computation of limitation period during Covid-19","created-at":"2020-09-16T03:08:50Z","updated-at":"2020-09-21T04:16:36Z","image":{"50":{"id":"lawreview/69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6/image/50-638514769b34f81ca59e99ed0631fec8.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-brzdif.jpg","size":851,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":50,"height":28}},"100":{"id":"lawreview/69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6/image/100-bb59c0d466395fcf0660d08559fccbb4.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-91ntkn.jpg","size":1356,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":100,"height":55}},"150":{"id":"lawreview/69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6/image/150-e455f8312713a617bf19049b6ec7c82a.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-8ovo9k.jpg","size":2211,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":150,"height":83}},"200":{"id":"lawreview/69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6/image/200-275e75bd95d47dfc4b5a85f6128e0624.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-t0zuug.jpg","size":3630,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":200,"height":110}},"300":{"id":"lawreview/69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6/image/300-5d5f5ecd930095380b1f3391e3e55e34.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-1yv7sw3.jpg","size":8497,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":300,"height":165}},"400":{"id":"lawreview/69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6/image/400-86de82d02388d65e1ee1e9b4eb03cc42.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-1tsku77.jpg","size":14425,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":400,"height":220}},"500":{"id":"lawreview/69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6/image/500-0cdcf9fa39ee3f381cd38e24eb28411b.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-11p8tqo.jpg","size":22280,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":500,"height":275}},"600":{"id":"lawreview/69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6/image/600-d9c97e53c5e63a5081ebf76ca03f3ad4.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-lvs9m6.jpg","size":30274,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":600,"height":330}},"800":{"id":"lawreview/69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6/image/800-7e9d59275a4ce9f6da7716afc3e082c6.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-4sni6e.jpg","size":48369,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":800,"height":440}},"1000":{"id":"lawreview/69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6/image/1000-c314d551bf0721db35f55c536deb30cc.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-b34a1f.jpg","size":67142,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":1000,"height":550}},"1200":{"id":"lawreview/69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6/image/1200-40c6b9ceb34dcc5f15a645db6ea86157.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-1oocyet.jpg","size":85732,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":1200,"height":660}},"1500":{"id":"lawreview/69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6/image/1500-052ef94a22db20a5eeba45e57eefccfd.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-sh995c.jpg","size":116248,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":1500,"height":825}},"original":{"id":"lawreview/69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6/image/original-057cf5ae1eee8d426a9c073f0c0f6b9e.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"parlament.jpg","mime_type":"image/jpeg","size":756122,"keep_transparency":false,"height":1056,"width":1920,"top":12,"left":0}}},"document":{"id":"lawreview/69a32d6b-e817-4471-bfa9-fb9b9657fbb6/document/6c340c92885271d9869bb1b11633e6bd.pdf","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"Computation of Period of Limitation during COVID-19.pdf","size":319856,"mime_type":"application/pdf"}}}},{"id":"3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5","type":"law_reviews","attributes":{"title":"Madok Drabbaya Niyontron Ain and the Constitution of the Tribunal","slug":"madok-drabbaya-niyontron-ain-and-the-constitution-of-the-tribunal","body":"

Abstract

মাদক দ্রব্য নিয়ন্ত্রণ আইন, ২০১৮ (Act No. 63 of 2018) was enacted on 22 October 2018 for the purpose of controlling supply and demand, preventing misuse and smuggling of narcotic drugs. The Act specifically consolidates existing laws regarding treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts and proposed harsher punishment for the alleged perpetrators. The law provided options for establishing Special Tribunal (মাদক দ্রব্য অপরাধ দমন ট্রাইব্যুনাল)) for the trial of cases under this Act. Till date, the Government did not constitute any such Special Tribunal. Admittedly, the use of narcotic drugs is being increased rapidly. It is crying need to take effective measures for prevention of spread of prohibited narcotics. The proverb ‘prevention is better than cure’ is the appropriate solution to this acute social crisis.

","excerpt":"The Madokdrobbay Niyontron Ain was enacted for controlling supply and demand, preventing misuse and smuggling of narcotic drugs.","created-at":"2020-09-15T05:04:47Z","updated-at":"2020-09-15T05:04:47Z","image":{"50":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/50-d09fbd0f3de13645e173ed7d63827e89.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1sqcze.jpg","size":1001,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":50,"height":28}},"100":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/100-bf6fe7a53544b2a2ad629be5436b99fb.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1l6serj.jpg","size":1768,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":100,"height":55}},"150":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/150-7d6a70b42d5c7557fcd6d7b928d13986.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1q8gd38.jpg","size":2873,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":150,"height":83}},"200":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/200-b09c563691ccc13c8dec48b12186840e.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-dn5a68.jpg","size":4198,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":200,"height":110}},"300":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/300-7af554c6c5dfcc162d1585fb79f12b7b.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-9wfapi.jpg","size":7778,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":300,"height":165}},"400":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/400-e3ec94391ee07754eaf1eefcf5bec5fa.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-ljjwti.jpg","size":12184,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":400,"height":220}},"500":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/500-b33ef2f258f367d35ff50418773662b3.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1ygqb1c.jpg","size":17736,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":500,"height":275}},"600":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/600-6089f0348bd24230e4bebd7bc5c396bc.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-8hem4m.jpg","size":23786,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":600,"height":330}},"800":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/800-c9d0dad796a6fc401e34f76d446e8a2d.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-jsy0he.jpg","size":37690,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":800,"height":440}},"1000":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/1000-c08d25425cf08a637372c028f5e75f19.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-c3ikax.jpg","size":53821,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":1000,"height":550}},"1200":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/1200-f444bc07523ad24991bece231a2214e8.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1yinl1j.jpg","size":71740,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":1200,"height":660}},"1500":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/1500-7adb4de3bfe92522cee331534d46bdc3.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-7iwk5q.jpg","size":100422,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":1500,"height":825}},"2000":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/2000-ee3eb2aa9c69e166dbd9342d90b19d3b.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1h94thl.jpg","size":157710,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":2000,"height":1100}},"2400":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/2400-2c42549c713ffcab148d9abc81a85212.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1vxwb6t.jpg","size":208818,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":2400,"height":1320}},"3000":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/3000-868a7b01d04eb77af837baa8ff1e2d66.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-tehz7x.jpg","size":294751,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":3000,"height":1650}},"4000":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/4000-85dd90d5dc34ab3a18cebb3fcdba455f.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1cvrh8k.jpg","size":464516,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":4000,"height":2200}},"original":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/image/original-d225ee71e5b437fabd2b34e63d01a228.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"conceptual graphics for wwriteups-15.jpg","mime_type":"image/jpeg","size":2756163,"keep_transparency":false,"height":2200,"width":4000,"top":25,"left":0}}},"document":{"id":"lawreview/3aa86a35-901f-4923-abbf-4d71f2a37de5/document/57492c190e4592ac6cd2f4b044096b8c.pdf","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"Madok Drabbaya Niyontron Ain and the Constitution of the Tribunal.pdf","mime_type":"application/pdf","size":501289}}}},{"id":"268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb","type":"law_reviews","attributes":{"title":"Mandatory Sentence in Nari-O-Shishiu Nirjatan Daman Ain, 2000","slug":"mandatory-sentence-in-nari-o-shishiu-nirjatan-daman-ain-2000","body":"

Section 9(1), 9(4)(ka), 11(ka) and 30 of the Nari-O-Shishu Nirjatan (Daman) Ain, 2000 (as amended in 2003) provides for mandatory sentence of death and imprisonment for life. The quantum of mandatory sentence proposed by the Act violates the principles of separation of power as enshrined in Article 22 of the Constitution. It clearly prejudices the ability of courts to consider extenuating and mitigating circumstances of each case. These provisions have created circumstances under which the judiciary has been a simple rubber stamp. In fact, the legislature by determining mandatory quantum of sentence violated the doctrine of basic structure enshrined in our constitutional dispensation. Hence, these provisions are liable to be declared ultra vires of the Constitution.

","excerpt":"Mandatory quantum of sentence violates the principles of separation of power as enshrined in Article 22 of the Constitution.","created-at":"2020-09-15T04:38:50Z","updated-at":"2020-09-28T12:25:00Z","image":{"50":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/50-a801c9610025d4c47004e26f84f871da.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1jmkr5g.jpg","size":1177,"width":50,"height":28,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"100":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/100-be4a428d3343929813424563d0e6c3ee.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1j2zfei.jpg","size":2438,"width":100,"height":55,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"150":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/150-02a363dd2397d51dbcd031e7d9929ce2.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-13n9ihg.jpg","size":4603,"width":150,"height":83,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"200":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/200-160627797e756fbea04d638be7b7b7a8.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1jnaz9b.jpg","size":7263,"width":200,"height":110,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"300":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/300-d30fd064452369e485d762a6dcc8bc2a.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-q7l8xs.jpg","size":15006,"width":300,"height":165,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"400":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/400-d5242f172de775144c99f691ffb347be.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-3mig41.jpg","size":24948,"width":400,"height":220,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"500":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/500-63aa5007dae9dd207d7baec69ad6563d.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1iz10dc.jpg","size":37109,"width":500,"height":275,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"600":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/600-4bcd50f23440afafc7c7968ca35044ba.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-uviyt3.jpg","size":49965,"width":600,"height":330,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"800":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/800-66ddbacc212070116e3afa3f44a5bae7.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1d7hjrj.jpg","size":78996,"width":800,"height":440,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"1000":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/1000-cb2581305a849e7a4a397e174f88c208.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1mq1x1r.jpg","size":113626,"width":1000,"height":550,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"1200":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/1200-2a18efcb01b718931a162b7348704378.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-nlk738.jpg","size":151701,"width":1200,"height":660,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"1500":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/1500-805c0c59dc96064810521cd59f0d58a3.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1jibrfg.jpg","size":214702,"width":1500,"height":825,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"2000":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/2000-2f5aee931d75d175d4de3924c8aa5d8f.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-oc9o93.jpg","size":336771,"width":2000,"height":1100,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"2400":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/2400-c1c61c290b00457f6f5bd91139e051a2.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-fr02qj.jpg","size":441522,"width":2400,"height":1320,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"3000":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/3000-3932d52413c47cefd6089ffad1a5ab2b.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-1btfq30.jpg","size":619942,"width":2999,"height":1650,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"4000":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/4000-5259ff0304debea00c91587b82a33c8f.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200915-4-t2n15r.jpg","size":959346,"width":3999,"height":2200,"mime_type":"image/jpeg"}},"original":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/image/original-6288167014ac33c12ec659f6630b2f91.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"conceptual graphics for wwriteups-08.jpg","size":4826194,"height":2201,"width":4001,"top":24,"left":0,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","keep_transparency":false}}},"document":{"id":"lawreview/268a23a5-a669-4252-876a-cb28723cc3eb/document/1ffe9e8800e8f3b2a2142c62b891a757.pdf","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"Mandatory Sentence in Nari-O-Shishiu Nirjatan Daman Ain, 2000.pdf","size":262477,"mime_type":"application/pdf"}}}},{"id":"8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4","type":"law_reviews","attributes":{"title":"The Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Act, 2014","slug":"the-deoxyribonucleic-acid-dna-act-2014","body":"

Abstract

On 22.09.2014, the Parliament enacted the Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Act, 2014 (Ac No. 10 of 2014) for the purpose of collection and analysis of DNA sample, to regulate the use of DNA profile, to establish forensic DNA laboratory and the national DNA database. In this scientific era, the exact identification is a crying need for the purpose of ensuring justice. Throughout the globe, DNA test report is being accepted as a tool for individual identification based on expert opinion. In many cases, fingerprint is taken as a sample for determining construction of DNA of a person. The judicial pronouncements urged us to create a legal scheme for identification of the plaintiff/defendant, the failure of which would definitely cause miscarriage of justice. This law paves the way to ascertain scientifically that the real perpetrators would be brought to justice. However, in exercising discretion under this Act, all concerned should be extremely careful so that no individual becomes the victim of any error of judgment.

","excerpt":"The DNA Act was introduced for individual identification based on scientific evidence.","created-at":"2020-09-15T04:35:20Z","updated-at":"2020-09-21T04:19:08Z","image":{"50":{"id":"lawreview/8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4/image/50-607be4d6ac82540cf47508668d330729.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-44nmnd.jpg","size":851,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":50,"height":28}},"100":{"id":"lawreview/8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4/image/100-e303cb545fa42cc0e77895eb49862d31.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-90lmo4.jpg","size":1356,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":100,"height":55}},"150":{"id":"lawreview/8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4/image/150-7e22b1b1975822f68775965227c05766.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-1frpdb9.jpg","size":2211,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":150,"height":83}},"200":{"id":"lawreview/8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4/image/200-a187d11a60436ffe7a4015cdd987cdbb.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-1heahq0.jpg","size":3630,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":200,"height":110}},"300":{"id":"lawreview/8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4/image/300-a125763bd0aff3dfaaa150bba3fa07d5.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-1x58t32.jpg","size":8497,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":300,"height":165}},"400":{"id":"lawreview/8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4/image/400-ae79a4d8012b78eff8759e753989b9a5.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-nldjg8.jpg","size":14425,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":400,"height":220}},"500":{"id":"lawreview/8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4/image/500-dae114e437d2a29d4e203b5c1327e4b0.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-1vqr5qq.jpg","size":22280,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":500,"height":275}},"600":{"id":"lawreview/8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4/image/600-5cd144e31b3acd0a365c7f3ce4719249.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-rr5w6c.jpg","size":30274,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":600,"height":330}},"800":{"id":"lawreview/8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4/image/800-e41420b18aabcb6ef6a4d2940df32cd2.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-187ygr7.jpg","size":48369,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":800,"height":440}},"1000":{"id":"lawreview/8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4/image/1000-fb60fa70b0960e03b321b6eea285c9c4.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-vuii1p.jpg","size":67142,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":1000,"height":550}},"1200":{"id":"lawreview/8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4/image/1200-643e51bf4b43e1977b16037e3d6c2079.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-153at95.jpg","size":85732,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":1200,"height":660}},"1500":{"id":"lawreview/8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4/image/1500-088987e369ba57c5a7ef83c0b7c0086d.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"mini_magick20200921-4-rb4yg1.jpg","size":116248,"mime_type":"image/jpeg","width":1500,"height":825}},"original":{"id":"lawreview/8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4/image/original-9330a325dec2a1c7d89c9ba29735781a.jpg","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"parlament.jpg","mime_type":"image/jpeg","size":756122,"keep_transparency":false,"height":1056,"width":1920,"top":12,"left":0}}},"document":{"id":"lawreview/8cb8f620-f6ae-43ab-b224-4ba378f15ae4/document/662c65edf1cb78ed1ad26e999ba0a0d8.pdf","storage":"store","metadata":{"filename":"The Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Act, 2014.pdf","size":296632,"mime_type":"application/pdf"}}}},{"id":"8927f616-c7eb-4cf3-81b2-3e45ca3c17f0","type":"law_reviews","attributes":{"title":"The Virtual Court Act, 2020","slug":"the-virtual-court-act-2020","body":"

Abstract

The Virtual Court Act, 2020 (Act No. 11 of 2020) empowers the judiciary to use information technology in order to ensure virtual presence during trial, inquiry, hearing of application or appeal or taking of evidence or argument or order or judgment. Pursuant to section 5 of the Virtual Court Act, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh formulated Practice Directions both for lower judiciary and higher judiciary. This Act has been given overriding effect over other procedural laws. The Act specifically met the demand of the existing COVID-19 pandemic situation. No doubt it is a timely step. It is also a part of E-judicial system proposed by the stakeholders. Even in normal situation, the operation of this Act should be continued as and when required by the Courts.

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Abstract

ডিজিটাল নিরাপত্তা আইন, ২০১৮ (Act No. 46 of 2018) was enacted in the midst of severe criticism by the stakeholders both home and abroad. Sections 25 and 31 of the Act squarely infringe the fundamental right of freedom of speech guaranteed under Article 39 of the Constitution. The provisions of this Act compromised the freedom of speech without complying the test of reasonableness provided under the said Article. Certain provisions of the Act are vague and ambiguous which violate the age-old principle of criminal jurisprudence that the penal provision must be specific and certain. It did not cross the threshold of doctrine of vagueness. Due to lack of specificity, the provisions of this Act have created inherent opportunity for subjective consideration. The journalists, amongst others, are the victims of exercise of unfettered discretion of the members of law enforcement agencies. A sense of fear in all walks of people has been created.

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